ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื–ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื’ืจืกื” ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ยท ื’ื–ืขื™ ื”ืื“ื

5.6 ๐Ÿ›๏ธ ื”ืงืžืคื™ืคื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืก

ื”ืงืžืคื™ืคื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืก ืื™ื ื ืขื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื”. ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืื‘ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืฉืคื” ื ืคืจื“ืช ืื—ืช, ื•ืืฃ ืœื ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช. ืชื—ืช ื–ืืช, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ึพืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืืฉืจ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชืŸ, ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ, ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืฆื•ืจืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชืŸ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœืืœื• ืฉืœ ืฉืกื™ื โ€” ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ื” ื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืฉืกื™ืื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื–ื”ื•ืชื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช.

ื”ืงืžืคื™ืคื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืก ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืขืฆื•ื, ื”ืžืฉืชืจืข ืžื”ืจื™ ื”ืขืจืคืœ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื“ื™ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื, ื•ืžื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื’ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืกื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘. ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืงื•ืจืื™ื โ€œื”ืงืžืคื™ืค ื•ืจื™ื•ืกโ€, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื• ื‘ืฉืกื™ืื™ืช ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ โ€œื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืกื“ืจโ€ ืื• โ€œื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ื”ื•โ€. ืขืฆื ื”ืฉื ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื: ืœื ื›ืขืžื™ื ืคืจืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืขืจ, ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื• ื”ืจ, ืืœื ื›ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชึพืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืžืกื•ื“ืจื•ืช, ืžื—ื•ืงืงื•ืช, ื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื›ืชื‘, ืžืกื—ืจ, ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื•ืžืžืฉืœ.

ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™, ืขืžื™ื ืืœื” ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฉืกื™ืื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ืืคืฉืจื™. ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืื• ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืชึพืœืžื—ืฆื”, ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคื•ืชื—, ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง, ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื”, ื›ืชื‘, ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช, ื•ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืกื“ืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืื•ืก, ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืคืจืื™ื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืกื™ืื™ื โ€” ืืœื ืฉื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืืœื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ืžื” ื’ื ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจึพืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ืœืื—ืจืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืžืจื—ื‘ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืจื—ื‘.

ื›ืœ ืขื™ืจึพืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืงืžืคื™ืค ื•ืจื™ื•ืก ืขื•ืฆื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืจื›ื™ื”, ืžื™ืงื•ืžื”, ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™. ื™ืฉ ืขืจื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ืฉ ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื” ืฉื”ืชืขืฉืจื• ืžืžืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื™ื, ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžื ืžืœื™ื, ืžื›ืจื•ืช, ืื“ืžื•ืช ืžืจืขื”, ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืื• ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžืœืื›ื”. ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ โ€œื”ืงืžืคื™ืค ื•ืจื™ื•ืกโ€ ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืืžืช; ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืขื. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง โ€” ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชื•ืจื‘ืช, ื”ื—ื•ืงื™, ื”ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื•ื”ืจืื•ื™.

ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืกื™ื ืื™ื ื ื• ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™, ืืœื ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื•ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชืŸ. ื”ืงืžืคื™ืคื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืก ืืžื ื ืื™ืžืฆื• ืกื“ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืžืชืงื“ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžื“ื ื™ื•ืช ื ืื•ืช, ืืš ื”ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืจืžืช ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื”ืฉืกื™ืื™ืช โ€” ืœื ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™, ืœื ื‘ืชื—ื›ื•ื ื”ื—ืงื™ืงืชื™, ืœื ื‘ืฉื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช. ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ืฉืกื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืกืกื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ืืš ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื™ื ื ืœื‘ื™ื ื” ืคืขืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื: ืคืขืจ ืฉืœ ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื”, ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืžื•ืกื“ื™ืช ื•ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.

ืงืฉื” ื’ื ืœืชืช ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืคื™ื–ื™ ืื—ื™ื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงืžืคื™ืคื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืก, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“. ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ ืฉื™ืขืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ื“ื™ ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื—ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื™ืขืจ ื›ื”ื” ื•ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื”ื•ืช. ื‘ืขืจื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื ืงืฉื•ื—ื™ื, ื–ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืงืžื•ื˜ื™ึพืจื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ; ื‘ืขืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืชื•ื•ื™ ืคื ื™ื ืจื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืขื•ื“ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ืคื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ื ื™ืžื•ืก ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœืืœื• ืฉืœ ืฉืกื™ื ืขืฆืžื”. ื›ื›ืœืœ, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงืžืคื™ืคื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืก ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฃ: ืœื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ื™ืขืจ, ืœื ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ื‘ื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ืืœื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื—ื•ื‘, ืจื—ื‘ื”, ืฉื•ืง, ื ืžืœ, ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜.

ื”ืงืžืคื™ืคื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืก ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ืขืžื™ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”, ืคืจื˜ ืœืฉืกื™ืื™ื, ืฉืื•ืชื ื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื โ€” ืื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืื—ื™ื”ื ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื, ื”ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืžืคื•ืืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ืœืคื™ ืขืžื™ ื”ืกืคืจ, ืขืžื™ ื”ื™ืขืจ, ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื• ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ืžื ื•ืžืก. ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื‘ื—ื ืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื™ืจ, ืœื ื”ืœ ืฉื•ืง, ืœื ืกื— ื—ื•ืง, ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืœืฉืืช ื ืื•ื ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช, ื”ืจื™ื”ื• ื ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื™ื–ื™ืช, ืคืจืื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข.

ื’ื ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืฉื, ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืงืžืคื™ืคื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืก ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฉืกื™ืื™ื. ื”ื ืžืชืœื‘ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืกื™ืื™, ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืชื”ืœื•ื›ื•ืช, ื˜ืงืกื™ื, ืžืฉืชื™ื, ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ื™ื, ืžืจื—ืฆืื•ืช, ืžื•ืคืขื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”, ืคื•ืœืžื•ืกื™ื ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ ื—ืฆืจ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื™ื™ ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช. ื”ื ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ืชืขื ื•ื’ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ื™ื. ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืžืคื™ืค ื•ืจื™ื•ืกื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืกื™ืื™ ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉืกื™ืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ื, ื•ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื, ืžื•ืจื™ื, ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื, ืืฆื™ืœื™ื, ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืงืžืคื™ืค ื•ืจื™ื•ืก ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื”ื ื‘ืฉืกื™ื ืขืฆืžื”.

ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืกื™ืื™ื. ื”ืฉืกื™ืื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœื‘ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช; ื”ืงืžืคื™ืค ื•ืจื™ื•ืกื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–, ืืš ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื’ื ื›ืžื™ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื–ืืช. ืœื›ืŸ ืืฆืœื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืกื™ืื™ื•ืช: ื”ืงืคื“ื” ื™ืชื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื ื™ืžื•ืกื™ื, ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื˜ืงืกื™ ืžื•ื’ื–ื ืžืขื˜, ืื”ื‘ืช ื™ืชืจ ืœื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ืื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืœืžื“ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืกื™ืื™ ื•ืชื™ืง ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืชืคืง ื‘ืจืžื™ื–ื” ืงืฆืจื”. ื™ืฉ ืขืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื ืช ืžืื•ื“; ื‘ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืžืจื ื•ืช.

ื”ืงืžืคื™ืคื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืก ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืฉืกื™ืื™ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ืขื™ืจึพืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื ืืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขื™ืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ืื• ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื•, ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื• ืคื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืื–ืจื—ื™, ืžื’ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืกืžืœ ืžืงื•ืžื™. ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื ื›ื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืืœื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืื• ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ืœื”ืคืš โ€” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื•ืœื”, ืืš ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ืจืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจื. ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช: ืขื™ืจ ืื—ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืขื ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ื”ืกื“ืจ, ืื—ืจืช ืขื ืืœืช ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื”, ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืขื ืืœ ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื•ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืขื ืืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช. ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื’ื ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืขืœ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื”, ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื” ื•ืขืœ ืชื“ืžื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืขืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช.

ื”ืงืžืคื™ืคื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืก ื”ื ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ืืžื ื ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœืจืžื” ืฉืืœื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืฉืกื™ื, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืงืœ ืจืืฉ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ื. ื”ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืชื™ ืžื“ืจืฉ, ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื, ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื”, ืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ ืงืจืงืข, ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ื—ื•ื–ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ืืกื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืื• ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ืื ืฉืกื™ื ื”ื™ื ืคืกื’ืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืงืžืคื™ืคื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืก ื”ื ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”: ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื, ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืจืฆื™ ื“ืจืš, ืืš ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื, ืœืืจื’ืŸ, ืœื ื”ืœ ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ื™ื“ืข, ื’ื ืื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืื•ืชื•.

ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื’ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ืขืžื•ืง ืžืื•ื“ โ€” ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืฆื‘ืื™, ืืœื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ึพืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™. ืขืจื™ ื”ืงืžืคื™ืค ื•ืจื™ื•ืก ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื• ืขืœ ื™ื•ืงืจื”, ืขืœ ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ืžืกื—ืจ, ื‘ื”ืฆื’ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืื• ื‘ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื”ืŸ. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื” ื•ืžืงื“ืžืช; ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืœืฉืช ืœืงื ืื•ืช, ืœืขืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื, ืœืžืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ืก, ืื• ืœื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืงื™ืคื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืจื™ื‘ื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœื™ื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ.

ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงืžืคื™ืคื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืก ืื™ื ื ืจืง ืื ืฉื™ ืขื™ืจ, ืืœื ื’ื ืื ืฉื™ ืžืกื’ืจืช. ื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื, ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื ื™ืกื— ืœื”ื ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื: ื—ื•ืง, ืžื•ืขืฆื”, ืžื ื”ื’, ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื”, ื˜ืงืก, ืฉื•ืง ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื–ืžืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ืฉืขืจ, ื“ืจืš ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœื‘ืจืš, ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ื•ืœื”ื™ืขืœื‘. ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ืขืžื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื™ื, ื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื ืื™ึพื ื—ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืกื“ืจ ืžืžื•ืฉืš. ื‘ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืกื›ื ื”, ื•ื‘ืื ืจื›ื™ื” โ€” ืœื ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืืœื ืฉืงื™ืขื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื”ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื• ื”ืฉื โ€œื•ืจื™ื•ืกโ€ ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื”ื: ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื, ืืš ื”ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ื“ื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.

ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช, ื”ืงืžืคื™ืคื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืก ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืื™ืคื•ืง ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ื ื™ืžื•ืก, ืจื”ื™ื˜ื•ืช, ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ืœื, ืžืฉืžืขืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ื•ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื“ื. ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืงื˜ืžื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื•ืœื’ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืื™ื. ืื“ื ื‘ืงืžืคื™ืค ื•ืจื™ื•ืก ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื•ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื•, ืืš ื–ื”ื•ืชื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ืช, ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื“ืชื™ืช โ€” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื–ื”ื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช. ืื“ื ืื™ื ื ื• "ื‘ืŸ ืขื" ืืœื "ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ื”", "ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ื“ื™", "ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช" ืื• "ืื™ืฉ ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ืื’ื". ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื’ืื•ื•ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืจื‘ื”, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื’ื ื”ืชื ืฉืื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ื ื™ ืขื™ืจ ื›ืœืœ.

ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืงืžืคื™ืคื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืก ื”ื ืžื™ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืงื™ืคื” ืืช ืฉืกื™ื โ€” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”, ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืžืžื ื”, ืžื—ืงื” ืื•ืชื”, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื’ื ืžืชื—ืจื” ื‘ื”, ืืš ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื” ื—ื•ืคืคืช ืœื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื”ื ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืกื™ืื™ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ืจืง ื ื—ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ ืื—ืช, ืืœื ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ื ืฉื”ืคื ื™ืžื• ืืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”: ืกื“ืจ, ื—ื•ืง, ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ืชืขื ื•ื’, ืœืžื“ื ื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืงืจื”. ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื ื•ืฉืืช ืื•ืคื™ ืžืฉืœื”, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉืœื”, ืืœ ืคื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉืœื”, ื•ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืงื˜ ืžืฉืœื” โ€” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืกื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืกื™ื ืขืฆืžื”.

5.6.1 ื˜ื‘ืœืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช โ€” ืงืจื‘, ืฉื˜ื— ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“

5.6.2 ื”ืงืžืคื™ืคื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืกื™ื โ€” ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื’ื–ืข

ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืก

5.6.3 ื”ืงืžืคื™ืคื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืกื™ื โ€” ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื’ื–ืข

ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืก

ืขืจืšื ืชื•ืŸืขืจืšื ืชื•ืŸ
70 ื’ืœื•ืคื™ืืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช30ื›ื•ื—ึพืกื‘ืœ
55โ€“85 ืงืดื’ืžืฉืงืœ1.60โ€“1.85 ืžืณื’ื•ื‘ื”
55โ€“75 ืฉื ื”ืื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ืืจื’ื™ืœื™ืื—ื•ืฉื™ื
ืงืžืคื™ืคื™ืช ืื• ืจื™ื•ืกื™ืช โ€” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ืฉืคื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืชืฉืกื™ืื™ืช โ€” ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืขื“ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœืคื™ ืื–ื•ืจ ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืšืฉืคื” ื ื•ืกืคืช
ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ื™ื; ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืจืขืกื™ื•ื•ื’ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ืืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื
ืœื•ื—ื, ื—ื™ื™ืœ, ืคืจืฉ, ืฉื•ืžืจ, ืกื•ื—ืจ, ืืฆื™ืœ, ืฉืœื™ื—ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ืืœื•ื—ื ืคืจื, ืœื•ื—ื ื™ืขืจื•ืช, ืงื•ืกื ื˜ื‘ืข, ืฉื•ื“ื“ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื

ืžืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช

ืžืชืืืžืขืœื”ืžืชืืืžืขืœื”ืžืชืืืžืขืœื”
0ืื•ืžืฅ5+ื—ื›ืžื”10+ืชื‘ื•ื ื”
0ื›ื•ื—0ื›ื•ืฉืจ0ืจืฆื•ืŸ
+10ืงืกื ืื™ืฉื™0ื›ื•ื— ืงืกื0ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช
15+ืคื™ืงื•ื“10-ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜-10ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช
5+ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช0ื™ื•ืคื™0ืงื•ืจ ืจื•ื—

ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืฉืง ื•ืงืจื‘

ืžืชืืืชื›ื•ื ื”ืžืชืืืชื›ื•ื ื”ืžืชืืืชื›ื•ื ื”
75+ื—ื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื50-ืงื”ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื0ื”ื˜ืœื” ืงื˜ื ื™ื
50+ืงืฉืชื•ืช0ืจื•ื‘ื™ ืงืฉืช0ืงืกืžื™ ื”ืชืงืคื”
125+ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื0ืงื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื75+ื”ื˜ืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
150-ืจื•ื’ื˜ืงื•ืช / ืงืœืขื™ื75+ื—ื“ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื75-ืงื”ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
50-ื—ื“ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“175-ืงื”ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“125+ื—ื ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื
75+ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื25+ืžื’ืŸ ื›ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชืงืคื”25-ื ืฉืงื™ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉื™ื
25+ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื

ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื—, ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ืกื•ื•ืื”

ืžืชืืืชื›ื•ื ื”ืžืชืืืชื›ื•ื ื”ืžืชืืืชื›ื•ื ื”
100-ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืฆื™ื25+ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืื‘ืŸ0ื ื™ืชื•ืจ
100-ื›ื™ืคื•ืฃ ืžืชื›ื•ืช0ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืœืชื•ืช0ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื—ื‘ืœ
0ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืชืžืฆืื•ืช0ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืฉืงื˜ื”0ืคืจื™ืฆืช ืžื ืขื•ืœื™ื
75-ื”ื›ื ืช ืžืืจื‘ื™ื50+ื”ื›ื ืช ืžืœื›ื•ื“ื•ืช100-ื”ืกื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืขืจ
150-ื”ืกื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื ื•ื™100+ื”ืกื•ื•ืื” ื”ืจืจื™ืช150-ื”ืกื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื™ืฆืชื™
175-ื”ืกื•ื•ืื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ืช50-ื”ืกื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืžื•ืฉืœื’50-ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉืœื’ ื•ื‘ืงืจื—
75-ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ืกืชืชืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืœื•ืช100+ ืจืง ืœืžื™ ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืื’ืžื™ื ืื• ืœื ื”ืจื•ืช; ืื—ืจืช 0ืฉื—ื™ื™ื”25-ืฉื™ื˜
150+ืจื›ื™ื‘ื”50+ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ25-ืื™ืชื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื™ื

ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™, ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื•ื™ื“ืข

ืžืชืืืชื›ื•ื ื”ืžืชืืืชื›ื•ื ื”ืžืชืืืชื›ื•ื ื”
100+ืขืฆื™ืจืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื0ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื ื”100-ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืงื•ื‘
50+ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ื“ื•ืช75-ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื•ืื‘ื ื™ื ื™ืงืจื•ืช0ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื—ืคืฆื™ื
25-ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช50-ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ื™ื150-ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ื™ื‘ืฉื”
100+ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ75-ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืืœึพืžืชื™ื50-ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ืงืกื ื•ืฉื“ื™ื
0ื”ื›ืจืช ืจืขืœื™ื ื•ืกืžื™ื25-ืจื•ืงื—ื•ืช175+ื”ื›ืจืช ื ื™ืžื•ืกื™ื
100-ื”ื›ืจืช ืืžื•ื ื•ืช0ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืคื•ืช

ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืœืื›ื”

ืžืชืืืชื›ื•ื ื”ืžืชืืืชื›ื•ื ื”ืžืชืืืชื›ื•ื ื”
0ืคื™ืชื•ื™100+ืฉื›ื ื•ืข75+ื”ืชื—ืคืฉื•ืช
25+ื”ืคื—ื“ื”50+ืžื™ืงื•ื—125+ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
25+ื”ื•ื ืื” ื•ืฉืงืจ0ื ื’ื™ื ื”50+ืฉื™ืจื”
125+ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ื•ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ100+ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื100+ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื—ืคืฆื™ื
50+ื”ื—ื‘ืืช ื—ืคืฆื™ื50+ืงืฉื™ืจืช ื—ื‘ืœื™ื